Not Just Projecting
نویسندگان
چکیده
We all know by now that the totality of what is conveyed by a linguistic utterance includes multiple types or categories of content. The categories are distinguished in two main ways: how they arise (e.g. due to linguistic convention or due to normbased inference); and how particular contents of that category behave (e.g. whether the content can embed under operators). The principal types of content that we recognize have been handed down to us by notable figures: from Grice’s 1967 William James Lectures (Grice 1989), we inherited the categories of conventional and conversational implicature, the latter sub-divided into generalized and particularized. From Strawson (preceded by Frege) we inherited the category of presupposition, elaborated for example by Karttunen and Stalnaker. All of these are taken to contrast with each other and with the linguistically most basic category of meaning which, for the case of declarative sentences, we can categorize as entailments. For the more general case, we use the term proffered content. These are the major sub-divisions recognized within the dominant neo-Gricean paradigm. It is worth mentioning some others, that may cross-cut these. There are aspects of content arising from what Searle (1975) and Morgan (1978) call conventions of use. Speech act force may belong to this category; so perhaps might generalized conversational implicatures. Levinson (2000) develops a strong version of this view, taking GCIs to be theoretically distinct from PCIs. Further within the category of implicature, Thomason (1990) distinguishes between background and foreground implicatures, echoing the Relevance Theorists’ distinction between implicated assumptions and implicated conclusions. Background implicatures have a substantial overlap with what are otherwise labeled presuppositions (see Simons 2004). Then we have Bach’s (1994) category of conversational impliciture, perhaps deriv-
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